Description
(Immunostimulator, anti-inflammatory, stress reliever)
COMPOSITION:
Immunofish is a pure herbal medicine that is made up of active ingredients from some of the most valuable herbs (mainly; Echinacea) with the goal of maximizing the immune system functions. The most important constituents are alkylamides (aka alkamides), Cichoric (aka Chicoric) acid, polysaccharides, and terpenes.
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Alkamides of echinacea are the major compounds responsible for the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in epithelial and immune system cells. The pathways are involved in biosynthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs), such as PGE2. Therefore, inhibiting the pathways resulted in halting the production of PGs. Subsequently, lack of PGs will give more freedom to the Natural Killer cells (NK cells). Then the cells will kill the target cells by releasing high levels of toxic substances near them. The target cells are abnormal or dying cells or microbes/germs which are detected by NK cells. On the other hand, echinacea contains oligomeric substances called polysaccharides (PSs) capable of regulating the immune system. Among PSs, Arabinogalactan (AG) can directly bind and activate a class of receptors on innate immune system cells such as macrophage called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are responsible for the recognition/detection of microbial antigens (patterns). In fact, AG mimics the antigens of the bacteria due to its structural similarity to the PSs present in bacterial cells wall. Therefore, AG activates the phagocytes of innate immune system and also stimulates them to produce and release large amounts of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNFa. The inflammatory cytokines can efficiently recruit the immune system cells to the inflammation site as well as acting as the feedback messengers by activating the phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) and NK cells.
In addition, it has been shown that alkyl amides of the echinacea, can directly bind to certain receptors on the surface of lymphocytes such as CB2. In fact, the alkylamides have been known as the cannabinomimetics due to structural similarity to cannabinoids. Some alkylamides have shown stronger affinity to bind CB2 receptors than the endogenous cannabinoids. At molecular sight, binding of alkylamides to CB2 receptors leads to activation of the nuclear transcription factor INF-kB) through intracellular adaptors (signal messengers). Some of the most important intracellular pathways which are triggered by the alkylamides are CAMP, MAPKs, and the calcineurin pathway. Prompting the NF-kB also triggers the transcription of genes encoding cytokines such as IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TNFa. There is two ways for the receptor-mediated activation of T cells. In one possibility, the T lymphocytes both CB2 and TCR receptors are stimulated by their ligands simultaneously in which it leads to decrease in production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of a type of T lymphocytes called cytotoxic T cells, instead in second possibility, if T cells were co-stimulated by binding the ligands to both CB2 and CD28 receptors, then higher levels of cytokines will be produced which in turn (acting as the positive tee as the positive feedback agents), the cytokines activates more T cells (to produce more cytokines) and also phagocytes.
THERAPEUTIC FEATURES:
The drug as a wide spectrum herbal remedy has many beneficial health effects. The drug can be used in healthy fish during the growth period for boosting their immune system and prevention of infectious diseases. A well-tuned immune system itself causes better function of organs and enhanced growth rate. The drug also has a good calming effect and prevents the interruption during growth period due to stresses or extreme environmental stimuli.
INDICATIONS:
Immunofish can be used 1-3 day(s) before any physical interventions on fish (blood sampling, surgery, vaccination etc.) until 3 days after the event. Also, the drug can be applied over whole growth period of the fish to prevent the infectious diseases and boost the health performance.
TARGET ANIMALS: fish.
INSTRUCTIONS TO USE: The drug can be used in the following schedule:
- Use a routine 200 ml/ton feed all over the growing period
- Use 1 liter/ton feed for one week each month during the growing period
- Use 1.5 liter/ton feed, two weeks before a vaccination program.
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Should not be used at the same time with vaccination.
This post is also available in: Persian
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